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Operation Nemesis
Operation Nemesis ((アルメニア語:«Նեմեսիս» գործողութիւն) ''Nemesis gortsoghut'iun'') was a covert operation by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) carried out from 1920 to 1922, during which a number of former Ottoman and Azerbaijani political and military figures were assassinated for their role in the Armenian Genocide killings. Shahan Natalie and Armen Garo are considered its masterminds. It was named after the Greek goddess of divine retribution, Nemesis.
==Background==
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) was active within the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire who advocated for reform and a certain degree of autonomy within the empire. ARF members formed ''fedayi'' guerrilla groups that helped organize self-defense of Armenian civilians. In July–August 1914, the 8th congress of the ARF was a watershed event. Members of the Committee of Union and Progress requested from the party assistance in the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting a rebellion of Russian Armenians against the Russian army in the event of a Caucasus Campaign opening up.〔Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act, p. 136〕〔Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 244〕 The Armenians agreed to remain loyal to their government, but declared their inability to agree to the other proposal.〔The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p. 412〕
Prominent ARF members were among the Armenian intellectuals targeted on April 24, 1915 in Constantinople.〔Finkel, Caroline, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "''Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..''".〕 The arrested people were moved to two holding centers near Ankara under Interior Minister Mehmed Talat's order on April 24, 1915, and mostly deported and killed.
In 1919, after the Armistice of Mudros, the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920 were convened in Constantinople, during which some of the principal perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide were convicted and sentenced to death. The UK seized some of the perpetrators from the Ottoman authorities in several of Constantinople's prisons, after their incompetency failed to hold fair trials, and transported them to the British colony of Malta. There, the Malta exiles (called so by Turkish sources) were, after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's incarceration of Lord Curzon's relative, acquitted and exchanged for British prisoners of war by the new Turkish government of Atatürk.〔http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-04-19/news/turkeys-eu-minister-judge-giovanni-bonello-and-the-armenian-genocide-claim-about-malta-trials-is-nonsense-308828/〕〔Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell", p. 16-17. Basic Books, 2002.〕 Since there were no international laws in place under which they could be tried, the men who orchestrated the genocide traveled relatively freely throughout Germany, Italy, and Central Asia.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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